These people were essentially polytheists. On the Arabian Peninsula, Arabic culture was preceded by the culture of the pre-Islamic Arabs-a nomadic and agricultural population which was in the stage of transition to an early form of class society. In the latter sense, Arabic culture is sometimes identified with the concept “Muslim culture” (that is, the culture of Muslim peoples), and its usage is conventional. In scholarly literature, the term “Arabic culture” is used to designate both the culture of the Arabic peoples themselves and the medieval Arab-language culture of a number of other peoples that became part of the caliphate. A medieval culture which took shape in the Arabian Caliphate during the seventh through tenth centuries as a product of cultural interaction between the Arabs and the peoples whom they conquered in the Near and Middle East, North Africa, and southwest Europe.
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